CET-6 Listening Lectures: The Default Effect and the Bystander Effect

Recording One.

录音一。

Imagine two countries with very similar people and very similar values.

想象两个国家，人民和价值观都非常相似。

In one, about twelve percent of people agree to donate their organs. In the other, almost everyone does!

在一个国家，大约百分之十二的人同意捐献器官。在另一个国家，几乎所有人都同意！

This was the case for Germany and Austria in a study published in 2003.

在2003年发表的一项研究中，德国和奥地利就是这种情况。

The difference wasn't culture, religion or education.

差别不在于文化、宗教或教育。

It was the form.

而在于那张表格。

In Germany, you had to tick a box to become a donor. In Austria, you had to tick a box to say no.

在德国，你得在方框里打勾才能成为捐献者。在奥地利，你得打勾才能表示拒绝。

Most people simply accept whatever is already chosen for them.

大多数人只是接受了已经替他们选好的选项。

Economists call this the default effect.

经济学家称之为默认效应。

It means that whoever designs a form has real power over our choices.

这意味着，设计表格的人对我们的选择有着实实在在的影响力。

Questions sixteen to eighteen are based on the recording you have just heard.

第16题到第18题基于你刚才听到的录音。

Question sixteen. What was the main difference between Germany and Austria?

第16题。德国和奥地利的主要区别是什么？

Question seventeen. What is the default effect?

第17题。什么是默认效应？

Question eighteen. What does the speaker suggest about people who design forms?

第18题。关于设计表格的人，说话人暗示了什么？

Recording Two.

录音二。

Are you more likely to get help if many people are around, or just one?

周围人多的时候和只有一个人的时候，哪种情况你更容易得到帮助？

Most of us would say: more people, more help.

我们大多数人会说：人越多，帮忙的人就越多。

Research suggests the opposite.

研究结果却恰恰相反。

In a famous 1968 study, students sat in a room filling in a questionnaire.

在1968年一项著名的研究中，学生们坐在一个房间里填写问卷。

Then smoke began to pour in through a small vent in the wall.

接着，烟雾开始从墙上的一个小通风口涌进来。

When students were alone, about three quarters of them went to report it.

独自一人时，大约四分之三的学生去报告了这件事。

But when they sat with two strangers who ignored the smoke, only one in ten reported it!

但当他们和两个对烟雾视而不见的陌生人在一起时，只有十分之一的人去报告！

Each person looked at the others, saw no reaction, and decided there was no danger.

每个人都看看别人，见没人有反应，就断定没有危险。

Psychologists call this the bystander effect.

心理学家称之为旁观者效应。

So if you ever need help in a crowd, don't shout to everyone.

所以，如果你在人群中需要帮助，不要对所有人喊。

Point to one person and ask them directly.

指定一个人，直接请他帮忙。

Questions nineteen to twenty-one are based on the recording you have just heard.

第19题到第21题基于你刚才听到的录音。

Question nineteen. What happened during the 1968 study?

第19题。1968年的研究中发生了什么？

Question twenty. Why did so few students report the smoke when others were present?

第20题。为什么有别人在场时，很少有学生报告烟雾？

Question twenty-one. What does the speaker advise people who need help in a crowd?

第21题。说话人建议在人群中需要帮助的人怎么做？