CET-6 Listening Lectures: The Default Effect and the Bystander Effect

Recording One.

錄音一。

Imagine two countries with very similar people and very similar values.

想像兩個國家，人民和價值觀都非常相似。

In one, about twelve percent of people agree to donate their organs. In the other, almost everyone does!

在一個國家，大約百分之十二的人同意捐贈器官。在另一個國家，幾乎每個人都同意！

This was the case for Germany and Austria in a study published in 2003.

在2003年發表的一項研究中，德國和奧地利正是如此。

The difference wasn't culture, religion or education.

差別不在文化、宗教或教育。

It was the form.

而在於那張表格。

In Germany, you had to tick a box to become a donor. In Austria, you had to tick a box to say no.

在德國，你得勾選方框才能成為捐贈者。在奧地利，你得勾選才能拒絕。

Most people simply accept whatever is already chosen for them.

大多數人只是接受已經替他們選好的選項。

Economists call this the default effect.

經濟學家稱之為預設效應。

It means that whoever designs a form has real power over our choices.

這表示，設計表格的人對我們的選擇握有真正的影響力。

Questions sixteen to eighteen are based on the recording you have just heard.

第16題到第18題根據你剛才聽到的錄音。

Question sixteen. What was the main difference between Germany and Austria?

第16題。德國和奧地利的主要差別是什麼？

Question seventeen. What is the default effect?

第17題。什麼是預設效應？

Question eighteen. What does the speaker suggest about people who design forms?

第18題。關於設計表格的人，說話者暗示了什麼？

Recording Two.

錄音二。

Are you more likely to get help if many people are around, or just one?

身邊人多的時候和只有一個人的時候，哪一種比較容易得到幫助？

Most of us would say: more people, more help.

大多數人會說：人越多，幫忙的就越多。

Research suggests the opposite.

研究結果卻恰好相反。

In a famous 1968 study, students sat in a room filling in a questionnaire.

在1968年一項著名的研究中，學生們坐在一個房間裡填寫問卷。

Then smoke began to pour in through a small vent in the wall.

接著，煙開始從牆上的小通風口冒進來。

When students were alone, about three quarters of them went to report it.

單獨一人時，大約四分之三的學生去通報了。

But when they sat with two strangers who ignored the smoke, only one in ten reported it!

但和兩個對煙視而不見的陌生人在一起時，只有十分之一的人去通報！

Each person looked at the others, saw no reaction, and decided there was no danger.

每個人都看看別人，見沒人有反應，就認定沒有危險。

Psychologists call this the bystander effect.

心理學家稱之為旁觀者效應。

So if you ever need help in a crowd, don't shout to everyone.

所以，如果你在人群中需要幫忙，別對著所有人喊。

Point to one person and ask them directly.

指著一個人，直接請他幫忙。

Questions nineteen to twenty-one are based on the recording you have just heard.

第19題到第21題根據你剛才聽到的錄音。

Question nineteen. What happened during the 1968 study?

第19題。1968年的研究中發生了什麼事？

Question twenty. Why did so few students report the smoke when others were present?

第20題。為什麼有別人在場時，很少學生通報冒煙？

Question twenty-one. What does the speaker advise people who need help in a crowd?

第21題。說話者建議在人群中需要幫助的人怎麼做？