📘 英语语法

现在用 am/is/are，过去用 was/were + 名词、形容词或地点——说明是谁、是什么、在哪里

there is/are + 名词 — 表示某物存在或在某处

have/has got + 名词 — 拥有某物

I work, she works, do you work?, he doesn't——习惯、日常和一贯如此的事

am/is/are + -ing — 此刻或近期正在发生的事

I work vs I'm working；know, want, like 很少用 -ing——习惯或事实 vs 正在发生的事

do/does/did + 主语 + 动词 — 一般时态的提问

So do I, Neither can I, I think so, I hope not — 用助动词或 so/not 的简短回答

Let's + 动词，Don't + 动词 — 提议或要求别人做某事

can/could + 动词 — 能做的事，或过去能做的事

be able to + 动词 — 任何时态下的能力

worked, did you work?, didn't work——过去某个时间已完成的动作

went, saw, took… — 用不规则动词表示已完成的过去动作

was/were + -ing — 过去某一时刻正在进行的动作

I–me–my–mine, Lan's, a friend of mine, my own——谁做事、东西属于谁

myself, yourself, themselves, by myself, each other — 指与主语相同的人

this book, those shoes, the blue one——指近处和远处的东西，不必重复名词

a/an 指众多中的一个或新出现的事物，the 指双方都已知道的那个

a car, two cars vs water, advice, information——哪些名词能加 a/an 和复数 -s

some 用于肯定句、提议和请求，any 用于大多数疑问句和否定句——不具体说明的数量

a few / a little, much / many, a lot of, plenty of, none of — 表示数量多少

at 7 o'clock, on Monday, in the morning / in 2020 — 哪个介词搭配哪种时间

in the box, on the wall, at the door, next to, between, opposite——说明东西在哪里

go to work, arrive at / in, get into the car, out of the room——说明往哪里去

and 表示补充，but 表示转折，or 表示选择，so 表示结果，because 表示原因

am/is/are + -ing + 将来时间 — 已经安排好的事

The bus leaves at 8. The class starts on Monday——将来固定的时间和日程

be going to + 动词 — 计划或明显即将发生的事

will + 动词 — 决定、承诺或预测

would like / 'd like + to 动词 — 礼貌地说出想要的

Could you…? Would you mind…? Can I…? Would you like…? — 礼貌地询问

Shall we…? Why don't we…? How about -ing? — 建议做某事

should + 动词 — 表示应该做的事

表示某事是必要的

don't have to / don't need to / needn't + 动词 — 某事没有必要

how to…, what to…, where to… — 疑问词后接 to

Who called you? vs Who did you call?——who/what 作主语时不用 do/does/did

-er than / more … than — 比较两个事物

much better, a bit cheaper, far more expensive — 差别有多大

the -est / the most … — 一组中最高或最低的

the best … I've ever…, the biggest in the world, the most … of all

as + 形容词 + as — 说两者相同

too + 形容词 + to 动词，形容词 + enough + to 动词 — 过于或足够

have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事

have just / already / never + V3, haven't … yet — 动作刚完成、已完成，或是否发生过

for + 一段时间，since + 起始时间，时间 + ago — 多久、从何时起、多久以前

I've lost my key（与现在有关）vs I lost it yesterday（已结束的时间）

have/has been + -ing — 以前开始、现在仍在继续的动作

had + 过去分词 — 在过去另一时刻之前完成的动作

had been + -ing——一直持续到过去某一时刻的活动

used to + 动词 — 过去的习惯或状态，现在已不再如此

would 用于假想情况、礼貌的愿望、过去的习惯以及过去将来

was/were going to + 动词 — 过去的打算，常常没有实现

will be + -ing — 将来某一时刻正在进行的动作

will have + V3 — 在将来某一时刻之前完成的动作

when / as soon as / until + 一般现在时，… will — 这些词后用现在时表示将来

if + 从句，will/would + 动词 — 条件及其结果

might/may + 动词 — 有可能但不确定的事

must be / can't be — 确信某事一定是或不可能是真的

be supposed/about/likely to + 动词 — 预期、即将、可能

would rather + 动词，had better + 动词 — 偏好和强烈建议

be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的

get + V3 — got fired, get paid：某事发生在某人身上

have/get + 宾语 + V3 — 请别人做某事

said / told 某人 (that) + 从句，asked if — 转述别人的话

Do you know where … is? I wonder what … — 句中的疑问部分用陈述句语序

…, isn't it? / …, don't you? — 句末用来确认的短问句

enjoy、keep、stop… + -ing — 后接 -ing 形式的动词

decide / manage / seem / try + to 动词 — 后接 to 的动词

remember doing vs remember to do——接 -ing 或 to 时意思不同的动词

want/ask/tell + 人 + to 动词 — 希望某人做的事

make/let + 人 + 动词 — 使某人或允许某人做某事

see/hear/watch + 人 + 动词或 -ing — 看到或听到某人的动作

by / without / before / after + -ing — 介词后的动词用 -ing

be/get used to + -ing 或名词 — 习惯于

it's hard to…, I'm happy to…, nice to meet you — 后接 to 的形容词

in order to, so as to, so that + can/will — 说明某人做某事的原因

it takes + 时间/精力 + to 动词 — 某事需要什么

The thing is…, What I mean is…, It's worth -ing — 用来引出句子的固定说法

children vs the children, school vs the school, the old, play the guitar——泛指 vs 特指

Vietnam vs the USA, Mount Fansipan vs the Alps, Hang Bai Street vs the Hilton——哪些名称要加 the

the police are, a pair of jeans, the news is, two hundred dollars is——单复数出人意料的名词

a bus driver, a ten-minute walk, a coffee cup——用一个名词修饰另一个名词

my sister's name, the end of the film, today's news——表示属于谁或属于什么

There's no milk, none of them, any colour you like, nobody came——表示零，以及“哪个都行”

most people vs most of the people, all of us, none of them——一个群体中的多少

both … and, either … or, neither … nor, both/either/neither of — 同时谈及两者

every day vs all day, each of them, the whole book——整体还是逐个

bored vs boring, interested vs interesting — 自己的感受与引起感受的事物

a nice new red car; you look tired, it smells good——形容词放在哪里

quick vs quickly, good vs well, hard vs hardly——描述事物 vs 描述做事的方式

quite good, pretty easy, rather cold, fairly sure——程度比 very 弱

I like coffee very much; we went to Hue last year; she always / often / never…

still waiting, not any more, not yet, already done, even on Sundays——时间与意外

on time = 准时，in time = 及时；at the end of = 在……末尾，in the end = 最终

by car, by mistake, by 5 o'clock, a book by Nguyen Du, by the window——by 的主要用法

good at, interested in, afraid of, worried about — 与固定介词搭配的形容词

depend on, listen to, wait for, deal with — 与固定介词搭配的动词

the reason for, a solution to, an increase in — 与固定介词搭配的名词

give up, find out, end up, come up with — 动词 + 小品词，具有独立的含义

who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物

whose + 名词，the place where…, the day when…, the reason why… — 修饰名词的更多方式

so + 形容词 + that，such a + 名词 + that — 原因及其结果

although/even though + 从句，despite/in spite of + 名词或 -ing — 表示转折

As I was leaving, the phone rang. As it was late, we took a taxi.

like = 像……，as = 作为……：she works as a nurse; she sings like a bird

as if / as though + 从句 — 好像、仿佛

during + 名词，while + 从句 — 在……期间、与……同时

by + 时间（最迟在……之前），until + 时间（一直到……），by the time…

unless, in case, as long as, provided that, even if — 表达条件的其他方式

if + 过去式，would + 动词 — 对现在或将来的假想情况

if + had + V3, would have + V3 — 对过去的假设及其结果

wish / if only + 过去式或过去完成式 — 遗憾或不真实的愿望

must / might / should + have + V3 — 对过去事件的推测或评判

it is said/believed that…, be thought/known to… — 转述人们的说法或看法

the + 比较级, the + 比较级 — 两者一起变化

not only … but (also) … — 补充第二个更强的要点

Never have I…, Had I known… — 助动词放在主语前以示强调

What I need is…, It was X that… — 把焦点放在某一部分

Having finished…, Looking at… — 以 -ing 或 having + V3 开头的简短从句