CET-6 Listening Passages: The Dunning–Kruger Effect and the IKEA Effect

Passage One.

短文一。

Have you ever met someone who was confident and completely wrong?

你有沒有遇過那種很有自信、卻完全錯了的人？

Psychologists have a name for this.

心理學家為這種現象取了名字。

In 1999, David Dunning and Justin Kruger tested students at Cornell University.

1999年，David Dunning和Justin Kruger對康乃爾大學的學生進行了測驗。

The tests covered grammar, logical reasoning and even humour.

測驗內容包括文法、邏輯推理，甚至還有幽默感。

Afterwards, the students guessed how well they had done compared with others.

之後，學生們估計自己和其他人相比考得如何。

Those with the lowest scores believed they had done better than most of their classmates!

分數最低的學生卻以為自己考得比大多數同學好！

The reason is simple, and a little uncomfortable.

原因很簡單，也有點讓人不舒服。

The skills you need to do a task well are the same skills you need to spot your mistakes.

把一件事做好所需的能力，正是發現自己錯誤所需的能力。

Interestingly, the best students slightly underestimated themselves.

有趣的是，成績最好的學生反而稍微低估了自己。

Questions nine to eleven are based on the passage you have just heard.

第9題到第11題根據你剛才聽到的短文。

Question nine. What did the students do after the tests?

第9題。測驗結束後學生們做了什麼？

Question ten. What did the researchers find about the students with the lowest scores?

第10題。關於分數最低的學生，研究人員發現了什麼？

Question eleven. Why do unskilled people fail to see their mistakes?

第11題。為什麼能力不足的人看不出自己的錯誤？

Passage Two.

短文二。

Why does a shelf you built yourself feel so special, even if it's a little crooked?

為什麼自己組的層架，就算有點歪，也讓人覺得特別？

In 2012, Michael Norton and his colleagues published a study on exactly this.

2012年，Michael Norton和同事們正好就這個問題發表了研究。

They asked people to put together simple storage boxes from flat-pack furniture.

他們請參與者組裝平板包裝家具的簡單收納盒。

Afterwards, the builders were willing to pay much more for their own box

之後，自己組裝的人願意為自己的盒子付更多錢，

than other people would pay for an identical box that was already built.

遠高於別人願意為一個已組好的同款盒子付的價錢。

The researchers called it the IKEA effect.

研究人員稱之為IKEA效應。

They found the same thing with origami.

他們在摺紙上也發現了一樣的情況。

People valued their own clumsy paper birds almost as much as an expert's work.

大家對自己摺得歪七扭八的紙鳥，評價幾乎和專家作品一樣高。

But there was one condition: the task had to be finished.

但有一個條件：任務必須完成。

When people left the job unfinished, the effect disappeared.

如果半途而廢，這個效應就消失了。

Questions twelve to fifteen are based on the passage you have just heard.

第12題到第15題根據你剛才聽到的短文。

Question twelve. What did the people in the study build?

第12題。研究中的人組裝了什麼？

Question thirteen. How did the builders value their own boxes?

第13題。組裝的人如何評價自己的盒子？

Question fourteen. What did the researchers find with origami?

第14題。研究人員在摺紙上發現了什麼？

Question fifteen. When did the IKEA effect disappear?

第15題。IKEA效應在什麼情況下會消失？

So be careful how much you trust your own confidence,

所以，別太相信自己的自信，

and how much you love your own bookshelf!

也別太愛自己做的書架！