CET-6 Listening Lectures: The Pygmalion Effect and the Spotlight Effect

Recording One.

讲座一。

Can a teacher's expectations actually change how well a child does?

老师的期望真的能改变孩子的表现吗？

In the 1960s, Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson set out to test this idea.

二十世纪六十年代，罗伯特·罗森塔尔和勒诺·雅各布森着手验证这一想法。

At a primary school in California, they gave all the children an intelligence test.

在加利福尼亚州的一所小学，他们让所有孩子做了一次智力测试。

They then told the teachers that some children were about to make rapid progress.

然后他们告诉老师，有些孩子即将突飞猛进。

In fact, those children had been chosen completely at random.

事实上，这些孩子完全是随机挑选的。

Eight months later, many of these children had made bigger gains in their scores!

八个月后，这些孩子中的许多人分数提高得更多！

The effect was strongest among the youngest pupils.

这种效应在年龄最小的学生身上最为明显。

The teachers, it seems, gave them more attention and encouragement without realising it.

看来，老师们在不知不觉中给了这些孩子更多的关注和鼓励。

However, later studies have found the effect to be real, but usually much smaller.

不过，后来的研究发现，这种效应确实存在，但通常要小得多。

Questions sixteen to eighteen are based on the recording you have just heard.

第16题到第18题基于你刚才听到的讲座。

Question sixteen. How were the children expected to make rapid progress chosen?

第16题。那些被认为即将突飞猛进的孩子是怎样选出来的？

Question seventeen. Which children showed the strongest effect?

第17题。哪些孩子身上的效应最明显？

Question eighteen. What have later studies found about the effect?

第18题。后来的研究对这种效应有什么发现？

Recording Two.

讲座二。

Have you ever spilt coffee on your shirt and felt that everyone was staring at you?

你有没有过把咖啡洒在衬衫上，觉得所有人都在盯着你看？

Psychologists call this feeling the spotlight effect.

心理学家把这种感觉称为焦点效应。

In 2000, Thomas Gilovich and his colleagues at Cornell University put it to the test.

2000年，康奈尔大学的托马斯·季洛维奇和同事们对此进行了验证。

They asked students to wear an embarrassing T-shirt into a room full of people.

他们让学生穿着一件很丢人的T恤，走进一个满是人的房间。

The students guessed that about half the room had noticed the shirt.

这些学生估计，房间里大约一半的人注意到了那件T恤。

In reality, only about a quarter had!

而实际上，只有大约四分之一的人注意到了！

We overestimate how much others notice us, because we are the centre of our own world.

我们会高估别人对自己的关注，因为我们是自己世界的中心。

Everyone else is too busy worrying about their own shirt.

其他人都忙着担心自己的衬衫呢。

So next time you make a small mistake in public, relax. Hardly anyone saw it.

所以下次你在公共场合出点小错，放轻松。几乎没人看见。

Questions nineteen to twenty-one are based on the recording you have just heard.

第19题到第21题基于你刚才听到的讲座。

Question nineteen. What did the researchers ask the students to do?

第19题。研究人员让学生做了什么？

Question twenty. How did the students' guesses compare with reality?

第20题。学生们的估计和实际情况相比如何？

Question twenty-one. Why do people overestimate how much others notice them?

第21题。人们为什么会高估别人对自己的关注？