CET-6 Listening Lectures: The Pygmalion Effect and the Spotlight Effect

Recording One.

Rekaman satu.

Can a teacher's expectations actually change how well a child does?

Bisakah harapan seorang guru benar-benar mengubah prestasi seorang anak?

In the 1960s, Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson set out to test this idea.

Pada tahun 1960-an, Robert Rosenthal dan Lenore Jacobson berupaya menguji gagasan ini.

At a primary school in California, they gave all the children an intelligence test.

Di sebuah sekolah dasar di California, mereka memberikan tes kecerdasan kepada semua murid.

They then told the teachers that some children were about to make rapid progress.

Kemudian mereka memberi tahu para guru bahwa beberapa anak akan segera mengalami kemajuan pesat.

In fact, those children had been chosen completely at random.

Padahal, anak-anak itu dipilih sepenuhnya secara acak.

Eight months later, many of these children had made bigger gains in their scores!

Delapan bulan kemudian, banyak dari anak-anak itu mengalami kenaikan skor yang lebih besar!

The effect was strongest among the youngest pupils.

Efeknya paling kuat pada murid-murid termuda.

The teachers, it seems, gave them more attention and encouragement without realising it.

Tampaknya, para guru tanpa sadar memberi mereka lebih banyak perhatian dan dorongan.

However, later studies have found the effect to be real, but usually much smaller.

Namun, studi-studi berikutnya menemukan efek itu memang nyata, tetapi biasanya jauh lebih kecil.

Questions sixteen to eighteen are based on the recording you have just heard.

Soal 16 sampai 18 didasarkan pada rekaman yang baru saja kamu dengar.

Question sixteen. How were the children expected to make rapid progress chosen?

Soal 16. Bagaimana anak-anak yang diharapkan mengalami kemajuan pesat itu dipilih?

Question seventeen. Which children showed the strongest effect?

Soal 17. Pada anak-anak mana efeknya paling kuat?

Question eighteen. What have later studies found about the effect?

Soal 18. Apa temuan studi-studi berikutnya tentang efek itu?

Recording Two.

Rekaman dua.

Have you ever spilt coffee on your shirt and felt that everyone was staring at you?

Pernahkah kamu menumpahkan kopi ke kemeja dan merasa semua orang menatapmu?

Psychologists call this feeling the spotlight effect.

Psikolog menyebut perasaan ini efek lampu sorot.

In 2000, Thomas Gilovich and his colleagues at Cornell University put it to the test.

Pada tahun 2000, Thomas Gilovich dan rekan-rekannya di Universitas Cornell mengujinya.

They asked students to wear an embarrassing T-shirt into a room full of people.

Mereka meminta mahasiswa memakai kaus yang memalukan lalu masuk ke ruangan yang penuh orang.

The students guessed that about half the room had noticed the shirt.

Para mahasiswa menebak sekitar separuh orang di ruangan memperhatikan kaus itu.

In reality, only about a quarter had!

Kenyataannya, hanya sekitar seperempat yang memperhatikan!

We overestimate how much others notice us, because we are the centre of our own world.

Kita melebih-lebihkan seberapa banyak orang lain memperhatikan kita, karena kita adalah pusat dunia kita sendiri.

Everyone else is too busy worrying about their own shirt.

Orang lain terlalu sibuk mengkhawatirkan kemeja mereka sendiri.

So next time you make a small mistake in public, relax. Hardly anyone saw it.

Jadi, lain kali kamu berbuat kesalahan kecil di depan umum, santai saja. Hampir tidak ada yang melihatnya.

Questions nineteen to twenty-one are based on the recording you have just heard.

Soal 19 sampai 21 didasarkan pada rekaman yang baru saja kamu dengar.

Question nineteen. What did the researchers ask the students to do?

Soal 19. Apa yang diminta para peneliti kepada mahasiswa?

Question twenty. How did the students' guesses compare with reality?

Soal 20. Bagaimana tebakan para mahasiswa dibandingkan dengan kenyataannya?

Question twenty-one. Why do people overestimate how much others notice them?

Soal 21. Mengapa orang melebih-lebihkan seberapa banyak orang lain memperhatikan mereka?