CET-6 Listening Lectures: The Pygmalion Effect and the Spotlight Effect

Recording One.

講座一。

Can a teacher's expectations actually change how well a child does?

老師的期望真的能改變孩子的表現嗎？

In the 1960s, Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson set out to test this idea.

1960年代，羅伯特．羅森塔爾和蕾諾兒．雅各布森著手驗證這個想法。

At a primary school in California, they gave all the children an intelligence test.

在加州的一所小學，他們讓所有孩子做了一次智力測驗。

They then told the teachers that some children were about to make rapid progress.

接著他們告訴老師，有些孩子即將突飛猛進。

In fact, those children had been chosen completely at random.

事實上，這些孩子完全是隨機挑出來的。

Eight months later, many of these children had made bigger gains in their scores!

八個月後，這些孩子裡有很多人分數進步得更多！

The effect was strongest among the youngest pupils.

這種效應在年紀最小的學生身上最明顯。

The teachers, it seems, gave them more attention and encouragement without realising it.

看來，老師們在不知不覺中給了這些孩子更多關注和鼓勵。

However, later studies have found the effect to be real, but usually much smaller.

不過，後來的研究發現，這種效應確實存在，但通常小得多。

Questions sixteen to eighteen are based on the recording you have just heard.

第16題到第18題根據你剛才聽到的講座。

Question sixteen. How were the children expected to make rapid progress chosen?

第16題。那些被認為即將突飛猛進的孩子是怎麼選出來的？

Question seventeen. Which children showed the strongest effect?

第17題。哪些孩子身上的效應最明顯？

Question eighteen. What have later studies found about the effect?

第18題。後來的研究對這種效應有什麼發現？

Recording Two.

講座二。

Have you ever spilt coffee on your shirt and felt that everyone was staring at you?

你有沒有把咖啡灑在襯衫上，覺得大家都在盯著你看的經驗？

Psychologists call this feeling the spotlight effect.

心理學家把這種感覺稱為聚光燈效應。

In 2000, Thomas Gilovich and his colleagues at Cornell University put it to the test.

2000年，康乃爾大學的湯瑪斯．季洛維奇和同事們做了實驗驗證。

They asked students to wear an embarrassing T-shirt into a room full of people.

他們請學生穿著一件很丟臉的T恤，走進一間坐滿人的房間。

The students guessed that about half the room had noticed the shirt.

這些學生猜，房間裡大約有一半的人注意到那件T恤。

In reality, only about a quarter had!

實際上，只有大約四分之一的人注意到！

We overestimate how much others notice us, because we are the centre of our own world.

我們會高估別人對自己的注意，因為我們是自己世界的中心。

Everyone else is too busy worrying about their own shirt.

其他人都忙著擔心自己的襯衫呢。

So next time you make a small mistake in public, relax. Hardly anyone saw it.

所以下次在大家面前出點小糗，放輕鬆。幾乎沒人看到。

Questions nineteen to twenty-one are based on the recording you have just heard.

第19題到第21題根據你剛才聽到的講座。

Question nineteen. What did the researchers ask the students to do?

第19題。研究人員請學生做什麼？

Question twenty. How did the students' guesses compare with reality?

第20題。學生的猜測和實際情況相比如何？

Question twenty-one. Why do people overestimate how much others notice them?

第21題。人們為什麼會高估別人對自己的注意？