📘 Tata bahasa Inggris

am/is/are now, was/were in the past + a noun, adjective or place — saying who, what or where something is

there is/are + kata benda — menyatakan sesuatu ada atau berada di suatu tempat

have/has got + kata benda — mempunyai atau memiliki sesuatu

I work, she works, do you work?, he doesn't — habits, routines and things that are always true

am/is/are + -ing — sesuatu yang sedang terjadi sekarang atau akhir-akhir ini

I work vs I'm working; know, want, like rarely take -ing — a habit or a fact vs what is happening now

do/does/did + subjek + kata kerja — bertanya dalam bentuk simple

So do I, Neither can I, I think so, I hope not — jawaban singkat dengan kata kerja bantu atau so/not

Let's + kata kerja, Don't + kata kerja — mengajak atau menyuruh seseorang

can/could + kata kerja — apa yang bisa dilakukan, atau bisa dilakukan dulu

be able to + kata kerja — kemampuan, dalam tenses apa pun

worked, did you work?, didn't work — a finished action at a time in the past

went, saw, took… — tindakan selesai di masa lalu, dengan kata kerja tak beraturan

was/were + -ing — tindakan yang sedang berlangsung pada suatu saat di masa lalu

I–me–my–mine, Lan's, a friend of mine, my own — who does something and whose it is

myself, yourself, themselves, by myself, each other — orang yang sama dengan subjek

this book, those shoes, the blue one — pointing at things near and far without repeating the noun

a/an for one of many or something new, the for the one both people already know

a car, two cars vs water, advice, information — which nouns take a/an and a plural -s

some in positive sentences, offers and requests, any in most questions and negatives — an amount you don't name

a few / a little, much / many, a lot of, plenty of, none of — menyatakan seberapa banyak

at 7 o'clock, on Monday, in the morning / in 2020 — kata mana untuk waktu yang mana

in the box, on the wall, at the door, next to, between, opposite — saying where something is

go to work, arrive at / in, get into the car, out of the room — saying where something goes

and adds, but contrasts, or gives a choice, so gives a result, because gives a reason

am/is/are + -ing + waktu mendatang — sesuatu yang sudah diatur

The bus leaves at 8. The class starts on Monday — fixed times and schedules in the future

be going to + kata kerja — rencana atau sesuatu yang jelas akan terjadi

will + kata kerja — keputusan, janji, atau perkiraan

would like / 'd like + to-kata kerja — cara sopan mengatakan apa yang diinginkan

Could you…? Would you mind…? Can I…? Would you like…? — bertanya dengan sopan

Shall we…? Why don't we…? How about -ing? — mengusulkan apa yang akan dilakukan

should + kata kerja — menyatakan apa yang sebaiknya dilakukan

menyatakan bahwa sesuatu perlu dilakukan

don't have to / don't need to / needn't + kata kerja — sesuatu tidak perlu dilakukan

how to…, what to…, where to… — kata tanya yang diikuti to

Who called you? vs Who did you call? — when who/what is the subject, there is no do/does/did

-er than / more … than — membandingkan dua hal

much better, a bit cheaper, far more expensive — seberapa besar perbedaannya

the -est / the most … — yang paling tinggi atau rendah dalam satu kelompok

the best … I've ever…, the biggest in the world, the most … of all

as + adj + as — menyatakan dua hal setara

too + adj + to-kata kerja, adj + enough + to-kata kerja — terlalu atau cukup

have/has + past participle — tindakan lampau yang masih penting sekarang

have just / already / never + V3, haven't … yet — seberapa baru tindakan selesai, atau apakah pernah terjadi

for + jangka waktu, since + titik awal, waktu + ago — berapa lama, sejak kapan, berapa lama yang lalu

I've lost my key (it matters now) vs I lost it yesterday (a finished time)

have/has been + -ing — tindakan yang dimulai sebelumnya dan masih berlangsung

had + past participle — tindakan selesai sebelum saat lain di masa lalu

had been + -ing — an activity that went on for a while up to a moment in the past

used to + kata kerja — kebiasaan atau keadaan lampau yang kini tidak berlaku lagi

would for imagined situations, polite wishes, past habits and the future seen from the past

was/were going to + kata kerja — rencana di masa lalu, sering kali tidak terlaksana

will be + -ing — tindakan yang sedang berlangsung pada suatu saat di masa depan

will have + V3 — tindakan yang sudah selesai sebelum suatu saat di masa depan

when / as soon as / until + present, … will — setelah kata-kata ini dipakai present tense meski bermakna masa depan

if + klausa, will/would + kata kerja — syarat dan akibatnya

might/may + kata kerja — sesuatu yang mungkin tetapi belum pasti

must be / can't be — yakin sesuatu benar atau tidak benar

be supposed/about/likely to + kata kerja — harapan, hal yang segera terjadi, atau kemungkinan

would rather + kata kerja, had better + kata kerja — pilihan dan saran tegas

be + past participle — yang ditekankan adalah apa yang terjadi, bukan pelakunya

get + V3 — got fired, get paid: sesuatu terjadi pada seseorang

have/get + objek + V3 — meminta orang lain mengerjakannya

said / told sb (that) + klausa, asked if — mengulang ucapan orang lain

Do you know where … is? I wonder what … — pertanyaan di dalam kalimat memakai susunan kalimat berita

…, isn't it? / …, don't you? — pertanyaan pendek di akhir untuk memastikan

enjoy, keep, stop… + -ing — kata kerja yang diikuti bentuk -ing

decide / manage / seem / try + to-kata kerja — kata kerja yang diikuti to

remember doing vs remember to do — verbs that change meaning with -ing or to

want/ask/tell + orang + to-kata kerja — apa yang Anda ingin orang lain lakukan

make/let + orang + kata kerja — membuat atau membiarkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu

see/hear/watch + orang + kata kerja atau -ing — melihat atau mendengar tindakan seseorang

by / without / before / after + -ing — kata kerja setelah kata depan memakai -ing

be/get used to + -ing atau kata benda — sudah terbiasa dengan sesuatu

it's hard to…, I'm happy to…, nice to meet you — kata sifat yang diikuti to

in order to, so as to, so that + can/will — menyatakan alasan seseorang melakukan sesuatu

it takes + waktu/usaha + to-kata kerja — apa yang dibutuhkan sesuatu

The thing is…, What I mean is…, It's worth -ing — frasa baku pembuka kalimat

children vs the children, school vs the school, the old, play the guitar — general vs specific

Vietnam vs the USA, Mount Fansipan vs the Alps, Hang Bai Street vs the Hilton — which names take the

the police are, a pair of jeans, the news is, two hundred dollars is — nouns with a surprising number

a bus driver, a ten-minute walk, a coffee cup — one noun describing another

my sister's name, the end of the film, today's news — showing who or what something belongs to

There's no milk, none of them, any colour you like, nobody came — zero, and 'it doesn't matter which'

most people vs most of the people, all of us, none of them — how much of a group

both … and, either … or, neither … nor, both/either/neither of — dua hal sekaligus

every day vs all day, each of them, the whole book — a whole group or one by one

bored vs boring, interested vs interesting — yang Anda rasakan vs penyebabnya

a nice new red car; you look tired, it smells good — where adjectives go

quick vs quickly, good vs well, hard vs hardly — describing a thing vs describing how something is done

quite good, pretty easy, rather cold, fairly sure — less than very

I like coffee very much; we went to Hue last year; she always / often / never…

still waiting, not any more, not yet, already done, even on Sundays — time and surprise

on time = not late, in time = early enough; at the end of = the last part, in the end = finally

by car, by mistake, by 5 o'clock, a book by Nguyen Du, by the window — the main uses of by

good at, interested in, afraid of, worried about — kata sifat dengan kata depan tetap

depend on, listen to, wait for, deal with — kata kerja dengan kata depan tetap

the reason for, a solution to, an increase in — kata benda dengan kata depan tetap

give up, find out, end up, come up with — kata kerja + partikel dengan makna tersendiri

who / which + klausa — keterangan tambahan tentang orang atau benda

whose + kata benda, the place where…, the day when…, the reason why… — cara lain menjelaskan kata benda

so + adj + that, such a + kata benda + that — sebab dan akibatnya

although/even though + klausa, despite/in spite of + kata benda atau -ing — pertentangan

As I was leaving, the phone rang. As it was late, we took a taxi.

like = similar to, as = in the role of: she works as a nurse; she sings like a bird

as if / as though + klausa — seolah-olah

during + kata benda, while + klausa — bersamaan dengan

by + waktu (paling lambat), until + waktu (terus sampai saat itu), by the time…

unless, in case, as long as, provided that, even if — cara lain menyatakan syarat

if + past, would + kata kerja — situasi khayalan di masa kini atau masa depan

if + had + V3, would have + V3 — masa lalu yang dibayangkan dan hasilnya

wish / if only + past atau past perfect — penyesalan atau harapan yang tidak nyata

must / might / should + have + V3 — menebak atau menilai kejadian lampau

it is said/believed that…, be thought/known to… — menyampaikan apa yang dikatakan atau dipikirkan orang

the + bentuk perbandingan, the + bentuk perbandingan — dua hal yang berubah bersama

not only … but (also) … — menambahkan poin kedua yang lebih kuat

Never have I…, Had I known… — kata kerja bantu sebelum subjek untuk penekanan

What I need is…, It was X that… — memberi fokus pada satu bagian

Having finished…, Looking at… — klausa pendek yang diawali -ing atau having + V3