Many historians say U.S . President Ronald Reagan helped defeat the former Soviet Union and end the Cold War .
许多历史学家说，美国总统罗纳德·里根帮助击败了前苏联，结束了冷战。
Reagan's efforts included giving support to rebel groups fighting the Soviets in Afghanistan in the 1980s .
里根的努力包括支持20世纪80年代在阿富汗与苏联作战的反叛组织。
U.S . support for Afghan rebels began earlier under the administration of President Jimmy Carter .
美国对阿富汗反叛者的支持更早就在吉米·卡特总统执政期间开始了。
Carter ordered secret nonlethal aid to rebel groups six months before the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan .
卡特在苏联入侵阿富汗六个月前就下令向反叛组织提供秘密的非致命性援助。
The Soviet Union invaded in December of 1979 .
苏联于1979年12月入侵。
Carter worked on cooperation with the Soviet Union by seeking approval of the SALT II (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks ) agreement on nuclear weapons .
卡特寻求批准关于核武器的《第二阶段限制战略武器会谈》（SALT II）协议，努力与苏联合作。
At the same time , his policies and statements pushed against Soviet goals .
与此同时，他的政策和声明又与苏联的目标背道而驰。
David Gibbs is a history professor at the University of Arizona .
戴维·吉布斯是亚利桑那大学的历史学教授。
A communist takeover in Afghanistan in April 1978 brought down the government of President Mohammad Daoud Khan .
1978年4月，共产党在阿富汗夺取政权，推翻了穆罕默德·达乌德·汗总统的政府。
The rebels were fighting Afghanistan's Soviet-supported communist government .
反叛者与苏联支持的阿富汗共产党政府作战。
Carter's order stayed secret until the 1990s .
卡特的命令一直保密到20世纪90年代。
It became known after several Carter administration officials , including former national security adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski , communicated its existence .
在包括前国家安全顾问兹比格涅夫·布热津斯基在内的几名卡特政府官员透露其存在后，这一命令才为人所知。
Some historians have called Carter's plan to aid rebel groups the “Afghan Trap .”
一些历史学家把卡特援助反叛组织的计划称为“阿富汗陷阱”。
They said the trap aimed to force the Soviets into a long war similar to America's fight in Vietnam during the 1960s and early 1970s .
他们说，这个陷阱旨在迫使苏联陷入一场长期战争，就像美国在20世纪60年代和70年代初在越南的战争一样。
However , he also called such a program “an excellent idea .”
不过，他也称这样的计划是“一个绝妙的主意”。
Conor Tobin is an historian at the University College Dublin in Ireland who has studied the Afghan Trap idea .
康纳·托宾是爱尔兰都柏林大学的历史学家，曾研究过“阿富汗陷阱”的说法。
He said most experts do not believe the aid was part of a plan to make the Soviets fight .
他说，大多数专家并不认为这项援助是迫使苏联参战计划的一部分。
Tobin said there is not enough evidence to support the Afghan Trap idea .
托宾说，没有足够的证据支持“阿富汗陷阱”的说法。
Tobin also said the Carter administration decided to first wait to see how the situation in Afghanistan would develop after the 1978 government overthrow .
托宾还说，卡特政府决定先观望1978年政府被推翻后阿富汗局势会如何发展。
Brzezinski then ordered a new plan for Afghanistan .
随后，布热津斯基下令制定一项针对阿富汗的新计划。
Tobin said Brzezinski asked an administration official to consider the question : “Should we help any insurgents ?”
托宾说，布热津斯基要求一名政府官员考虑这样一个问题：“我们应该帮助叛乱分子吗？”
Tobin said U.S . government officials thought military aid to rebels would cause a strong Soviet reaction .
托宾说，美国政府官员认为，向反叛者提供军事援助会引起苏联的强烈反应。
This judgment led the Carter administration to give nonlethal aid instead .
这一判断促使卡特政府转而提供非致命性援助。
“The decision-making process demonstrated caution , rather than an effort to induce an invasion ,” Tobin wrote .
托宾写道：“决策过程体现的是谨慎，而不是诱使对方入侵的企图。”
He said , instead of trying to push the Soviets into a fight , Brzezinski worried the Soviets would slowly expand their power in Afghanistan .
他说，布热津斯基并非想把苏联推入战争，而是担心苏联会在阿富汗逐步扩张势力。
“The objectives in mid-1979 were essentially to do something , anything , to counter the Soviet advance in Afghanistan ,” Tobin said .
托宾说：“1979年年中的目标基本上就是采取一些行动，无论什么行动，来对抗苏联在阿富汗的推进。”
In 1979 , another development raised concerns in Washington .
1979年，另一件事在华盛顿引起了担忧。
Even if Carter did not want armed conflict in Afghanistan , he took a strong position against Soviet efforts to control the Persian Gulf .
即使卡特不希望在阿富汗发生武装冲突，他也坚决反对苏联控制波斯湾的企图。
That body of water lies between Saudi Arabia and Iran , two major oil producers .
这片水域位于两大产油国沙特阿拉伯和伊朗之间。
On December 28 , 1979 , the day after the Soviets invaded Afghanistan , Carter gave permission to supply weapons and training for the rebels .
1979年12月28日，也就是苏联入侵阿富汗的第二天，卡特批准向反叛者提供武器和训练。
Carter lost the 1980 election to Reagan who mostly continued Carter's Afghan policy for several years before greatly increasing the secret aid program .
卡特在1980年大选中输给了里根，里根在几年内基本延续了卡特的阿富汗政策，之后大幅扩大了秘密援助计划。
The aid reached several hundred million dollars a year , and the Soviet military left Afghanistan in defeat in 1989 .
援助金额每年高达数亿美元，苏联军队于1989年战败撤出阿富汗。
Jimmy Carter died at the age of 100 on December 29 , 2024 .
吉米·卡特于2024年12月29日去世，享年100岁。